{"id":10585,"date":"2020-05-15T08:35:42","date_gmt":"2020-05-15T08:35:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/?p=10585"},"modified":"2026-04-17T18:07:49","modified_gmt":"2026-04-17T18:07:49","slug":"firmware-analysis-extraction-of-asp-files-in-the-goahead-architecture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/pt-br\/firmware-analysis-extraction-of-asp-files-in-the-goahead-architecture\/","title":{"rendered":"Firmware Analysis: Extraction of ASP Files in the GoAhead Architecture"},"content":{"rendered":"<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><body><p>GoAhead is an open-source web architecture that is widely used in embedded systems thanks to its high performance and high availability. Traditional servers built on the GoAhead architecture usually see a large number of dynamic pages written in the Active Server Pages (ASP) scripting language and functions written in C\/C++ that are registered to the scripting layer for ASP scripts&#8217; invocation. For the purpose of more thorough security audits, we should not only understand how these functions are implemented but also analyze how ASP scripts are handled. This article uses the firmware of a certain switch as an example to illustrate how to extract ASP files when GoAhead is involved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>GoAhead Version<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Before analyzing the firmware embedded with GoAhead, we should know which version of GoAhead is used so as to learn what vulnerabilities (with CVE IDs) pose a threat to the security of the firmware and, more importantly, base our analysis on the correct source code and rapidly identify key issues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Obtaining Version Information<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>You can rapidly obtain the version number of GoAhead by simply searching the firmware for the string &#8220;GoAhead&#8221;. Here, the version number is 2.1.5, as shown in the following figure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"530\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-1.jpg\" alt=\"Red circular no entry sign with a white horizontal bar.\" class=\"wp-image-10586\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-1.jpg 530w, https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-1-300x181.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 530px) 100vw, 530px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Downloading the Source Code<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>As the source code of GoAhead is no longer maintained on GitHub and the legacy versions on the vendor&#8217;s official website are available only to Enterprise Edition customers, it is impossible to obtain the source code from official channels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"550\" height=\"241\" src=\"https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-2.jpg\" alt=\"Red circular no entry sign with a white horizontal bar.\" class=\"wp-image-10587\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-2.jpg 550w, https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-2-300x131.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Therefore, we had to turn our eyes to the resources shared by other users and, luckily, found the source code of version 2.1.5. Then we downloaded a similar version, 2.1.8, from the CSDN website.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>ASP Files<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The GoAhead web server supports an ASP-like server-side scripting language, which uses almost the same syntax as Microsoft&#8217;s ASP. These scripts can effectively shorten the time to develop dynamic pages. Following is a snippet of typical ASP code, which is embedded in &#8220;&lt;%&acirc;&euro;&brvbar;%&gt;&#8221;, where the testasp function is implemented in the C\/C++ layer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"550\" height=\"202\" src=\"https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-3.jpg\" alt=\"Red circular no entry sign with a white horizontal bar.\" class=\"wp-image-10588\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-3.jpg 550w, https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-3-300x110.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>For better portability with different embedded systems, GoAhead provides very flexible methods to store files. For Linux systems, users are allowed to store files in the file system. For systems like the Embedded Configurable Operating System (eCOS), files are directly built into the firmware in the form of arrays, making an independent file system module unnecessary. In the following source code, the WEBS_PAGE_ROM macro controls how ASP files are stored on different systems. If WEBS_PAGE_ROM is defined, files will be stored in the firmware as arrays.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"549\" height=\"222\" src=\"https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-4.jpg\" alt=\"Red circular no entry sign with a white horizontal bar.\" class=\"wp-image-10589\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-4.jpg 549w, https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-4-300x121.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 549px) 100vw, 549px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>For an ASP script file stored in the file system, use Binwalk to extract it and then analyze its code logic.<\/li><li>For an ASP script file built in the firmware, Binwalk is of no or limited use. In other words, we have to extract such files manually.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Storage Format<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To learn the storage format of an ASP file, we must first understand how this file is converted into arrays:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Create a <strong>txt<\/strong> file that lists paths of files that need to be converted.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>1 2 3 4<\/td><td>D:\/web\/css\/style.css D:\/web\/home.asp D:\/web\/images\/button.jpg<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"2\"><li>Run the following command to convert <strong>txt <\/strong>into arrays:<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><code>webcomp D:\/web files.txt &gt;romfiles.c<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"3\"><li>Open <strong>c<\/strong>, which contains <strong>websRomPageIndex<\/strong>, a global variable file index table.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"541\" height=\"210\" src=\"https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-5.jpg\" alt=\"Red circular no entry sign with a white horizontal bar.\" class=\"wp-image-10590\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-5.jpg 541w, https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-5-300x116.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 541px) 100vw, 541px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Pages are the converted arrays.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"547\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-6.jpg\" alt=\"Red circular no entry sign with a white horizontal bar.\" class=\"wp-image-10591\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-6.jpg 547w, https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-6-300x154.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 547px) 100vw, 547px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>In <strong>romfiles.c<\/strong>, we can also view how the websRomPageIndexType structure is defined. To extract all listed files, we should first locate <strong>websRomPageIndex<\/strong> in the firmware. Then we can write a script to extract these files according to their specific formats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Locating the Index Table<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Signature-based Locating<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Let&#8217;s go back to the source code of GoAhead. To identify <strong>websRomPageIndex<\/strong>, the first step is to find where it is called. It turns out that the websRomPageReadData function uses this table and copies its data to a specified buffer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"549\" height=\"301\" src=\"https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-7-1.jpg\" alt=\"Red circular no entry sign with a white horizontal bar.\" class=\"wp-image-10592\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-7-1.jpg 549w, https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-7-1-300x164.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 549px) 100vw, 549px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Next, we need to check where the websRomPageReadData function is called and find a signature string suitable for locating functions. In this context, the signature string is &#8220;Can&#8217;t read %s&#8221;, based on which the websAspRequest function can be rapidly located in the firmware.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"535\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-8.jpg\" alt=\"Red circular no entry sign with a white horizontal bar.\" class=\"wp-image-10593\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-8.jpg 535w, https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-8-300x177.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 535px) 100vw, 535px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Locating Process<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The whole locating process can be summed up as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"505\" height=\"206\" src=\"https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-9.jpg\" alt=\"Red circular no entry sign with a white horizontal bar.\" class=\"wp-image-10594\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-9.jpg 505w, https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-9-300x122.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 505px) 100vw, 505px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Hands-on Practice<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Locating websRomPageIndex<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Find the websPageReadData function by using the &#8220;Can&#8217;t read&#8221; string. What is enclosed in the red frame in the following figure is this function.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"539\" height=\"355\" src=\"https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-10.jpg\" alt=\"Red circular no entry sign with a white horizontal bar.\" class=\"wp-image-10595\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-10.jpg 539w, https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-10-300x198.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 539px) 100vw, 539px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Analyze the function to find the websRomPageIndex table.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"539\" height=\"190\" src=\"https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-11.jpg\" alt=\"Red circular no entry sign with a white horizontal bar.\" class=\"wp-image-10596\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-11.jpg 539w, https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-11-300x106.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 539px) 100vw, 539px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Writing a Script<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>After the websRomPageIndex table is found in the firmware, write the following script to extract file data:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"554\" height=\"466\" src=\"https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-12.jpg\" alt=\"Red circular no entry sign with a white horizontal bar.\" class=\"wp-image-10597\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-12.jpg 554w, https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-12-300x252.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 554px) 100vw, 554px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Files extracted are as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"514\" height=\"586\" src=\"https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-13.jpg\" alt=\"Red circular no entry sign with a white horizontal bar.\" class=\"wp-image-10598\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-13.jpg 514w, https:\/\/nsfocusglobal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/0515-13-263x300.jpg 263w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 514px) 100vw, 514px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Sum-up<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This article presents a method for extracting ASP files. Simple as the method is, the analysis process can be time-consuming, calling for patience and carefulness. After an ASP file is extracted, you can check its source code to identify potential security issues in the file. The method of auditing code is similar to that of web audits and so is omitted here.<\/p>\n<\/body><\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>GoAhead is an open-source web architecture that is widely used in embedded systems thanks to its high performance and high availability. Traditional servers built on the GoAhead architecture usually see a large number of dynamic pages written in the Active Server Pages (ASP) scripting language and functions written in C\/C++ that are registered to the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10318,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5,20],"tags":[411],"class_list":["post-10585","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ddos-mitigation","category-uncategorized","tag-firmware-analysis"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Firmware Analysis: Extraction of ASP Files in the GoAhead Architecture - NSFOCUS<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_BR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Firmware Analysis: Extraction of ASP Files in the GoAhead Architecture - NSFOCUS\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"GoAhead is an open-source web architecture that is widely used in embedded systems thanks to its high performance and high availability. 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